Ethical Theory Ethics in law

Ethical theory: Utilitarianism, deontology, and the Golden Rule

To some extent, to define what is not 'ethics' is easier to define than what is 'ethics.' Ethics are not based in personal feelings, given that it can be emotionally difficult at times to hurt people's feelings even though it is the ethical thing to do. The law may not be strictly ethical (such as when a guilty man must go free because of legal technicality, to uphold the sanctity of the law). Cultural norms may also be unethical; religion and science may provide guidance but piety does not always mean that one automatically makes ethical choices. Science is descriptive and often amoral in its categorizations of behavior (such as the 'survival of the fittest.')

Given the challenges of defining ethical behavior, a variety of different contradictory perspectives have emerged that attempt to provide moral instruction for ethical actors. One of these perspectives is that of utilitarianism, or the idea that the consequences (the greatest good for the greatest number of individuals) should determine one's ethical orientation (Velasquez et al. 2009). A good example of this is during wartime when a preemptive strike is undertaken to save lives in the long run. Although few would argue that killing people is ethical in the abstract, from a utilitarian perspective, fewer people may be killed in the long run if certain aggressive actions are undertaken. Of course, one problem with the utilitarian approach is the question of which individuals make up the 'majority' the action is supposed to benefit and the fact that immoral actions can theoretically be justified based upon their good...

It is impossible to know, said Kant, what the consequences of ethical actions may be, thus it is best to act according to moral principles and evaluate ethical actions based upon intentionality rather than upon expected results that may not transpire. Deontology is problematic given that it can result in rules being inflexibility followed to the point that logical consequences are utterly ignored. Also, different societies have different rules that they regard as important, which make it difficult to transport those rules cross-culturally. Even within our own culture, our ethical rules have changed drastically over the course of history.
Confucian ethics (otherwise known as the Golden Rule) suggests that good ethics flows from being a good person. Cultivating a good character leads a person to behave in a righteous manner, according to the principle of 'do undo others as you would have done unto you.' This is how most individuals likely comport themselves in 'the real world,' rather than applying an ethical utilitarian calculus to decisions or inflexible rules. Confucianism in its original form was a complex system outlining the different relationships and obligations individuals had to one another within a specific social system. Fundamentally, Confucianism means cultivating a sound moral character, which results in a correct sense of duty. Rather than inflexible rules, ethical relationships are relative, and based upon the position of the two moral actors.…